Du har måske hørt om ophavsretsloven, der siger, at dataejerskab går til den person, der har oprettet dataene. I dette tilfælde refererer data til intellektuelle egenskaber. Men kan den samme definition anvendes på smartenheder, der alle er tilsluttet internettet^(Internet) ? Data bevæger sig gennem mange ting før og efter, de er behandlet. Så præcis hvem ejer de maskingenererede IoT - data? Lad os se.

Hvem ejer IoT-data

Ejer slutbrugeren IoT -dataene indsamlet af smartenheder, som du bruger? Eller har den virksomhed, der har oprettet den fælles bestyrelse, rettigheder over dataene? Fortæller operativsystemet på det enkelte kort dig, at de vil eje de data, der passerer gennem den smarte enhed (i deres "Vilkår og betingelser"). Ejer producenten af ​​kort det? Blandt andre, der kan gøre krav på data indsamlet af smartenheder, er softwareudviklerne, der programmerer smartenhederne. Dette er forvirrende og har endnu ingen klare retningslinjer for, hvem der ejer IoT -data.

Slutbrugeren^{(The End-User)}

Dette er den person, der bruger forskellige smarte enheder. Da de er smarte enheder, er de alle forbundet til internettet^(Internet) . Slutbrugere kan få adgang til disse enheder ved hjælp af den relaterede app på deres smartphones eller direkte ved at trykke på taster på smartenheder.

Næsten alle data på et netværk er skabt af slutbrugeren. Hvis vi anvendte ophavsretsloven på alt dette, ville slutbrugeren være IoT -dataejeren. Desværre tager loven om ophavsret endnu ikke smartenheders data i betragtning. Der er ingen love for IoT -enhederne på tidspunktet for skrivning af denne artikel ( 29.^{(September 29)} september 2019).

Der er nogle love i EU^{(European Union)} , der kan udvindes fra deres GDPR . Disse love understreger gennemsigtighed i databrug og -kurering. Det kræver, at slutbrugerne skal informeres om, hvordan deres data vil blive brugt, hvilke data der blev gemt, og af hvem. Det er vanskeligt på grund af de sædvanlige vilkår og betingelser^(Conditions) , som folk klikker på uden selv at læse dem. Denne side med vilkår og betingelser^(Conditions) kan indeholde en klausul om, at slutbrugeren opgiver sine rettigheder til data og overfører dem til softwareudvikleren.

Hvis smartenheden har en skærm/display, kan brugerne studere vilkårene og betingelserne for at bruge en enhed. De fleste smartenheder kommer ikke med en skærm, så det er svært at forklare dataejerskabet. I sådanne tilfælde kan manualen relateret til smartenheden indeholde oplysninger om dataejerskab. Dette vil dog tage tid, da folk stadig ikke er generet af, hvem der ejer IoT -data!

Producenter af smarte enheder^{(Smart Device Manufacturers)}

Enheder, der fremstiller smarte enheder (enkeltbords mikrocomputere, der kan tage visse handlinger, når noget sker), er også kandidater til data opnået af enhederne. De har skabt mikro-computere og dermed deres krav på dataene. Det er dog ikke muligt at give sine rettigheder (slutbrugere) væk til en anden (producenterne), da vi ikke ved, hvor dataene vil blive gemt, og hvordan de vil blive brugt. Men der er ikke meget en slutbruger kan gøre, hvis hardwareproducenterne sætter deres krav på data uden selv at bede om sådanne tilladelser.

De indeholder trackere, der omgår brugernes samtykke og uenighed om at indsamle data alligevel. Dataene sendes senere til tredjeparter, der er tilknyttet producenterne af smartenheder

Software/App Developers

Holdene, der laver apps til smartenheder, kan også kræve deres ret til dataindsamling. Det er de personer, der vil bede dig om tilladelse til at sende oplysninger om app-brugen til deres servere/datacentre. T&C (vilkår og betingelser) kan være vanskelige, og du kan ubevidst opgive dine datarettigheder, når du accepterer T&C. Apps på din singleboard-computer gennemgår mange ting. Fra data, der leveres i rå form til stemmekommandoer, er der meget, som dine smartenheder ved om dig. De kan holde styr på dine vaner: data, der ville tjene en formue, hvis det blev gjort korrekt.

Der var dette tilfælde af Samsung Smart TV, der lyttede til alle samtaler , der fandt sted i nærheden af ​​det. Efter en del modreaktioner afklarede Samsung , hvad du ikke skal tale i nærheden af ​​Smart TV'et.

Her er hvad Samsung sagde om problemet.

“If you enable Voice Recognition, you can interact with your Smart TV using your voice. To provide you the Voice Recognition feature, some voice commands may be transmitted (along with information about your device, including device identifiers) to a third-party service that converts speech to text or to the extent necessary to provide the Voice Recognition features to you.

In addition, Samsung may collect and your device may capture voice commands and associated texts so that we can provide you with Voice Recognition features and evaluate and improve the features.

Please be aware that if your spoken words include personal or other sensitive information, that information will be among the data captured and transmitted to a third party through your use of Voice Recognition”

I ovenstående præcisering navngiver Samsung en tredjepart, der kunne være et datacenter, der hostes hvor som helst på planeten. En tredjepart kan også være en cloud-tjenesteudbyder, der stiller det samme gamle spørgsmål " hvem ejer IoT-data^{(who owns IoT data)} ?"

Der skal gøres meget for at standardisere datarettighederne. Ideelt set burde det være slutbrugeren (efter min mening), men både hardware- og softwareudviklere beder om rettigheder til at indsamle dine data " så de kan forbedre deres tjenester^{(so that they can improve their services)} ".

Who owns IoT Data? Manufacturer, End User, or some third party?

Υou might havе heard of the copyright law that states datа ownership goes to the person who сreated the data. In this case, data refers to intellectual properties. But can the same dеfinition be apрlied to smart devices all connected to the Internеt? Data moves through many things bеfore and after it is processed. So exactly who owns the machinе-generated IoT data? Let’s take a look.

Who owns IoT Data

Does the end-user own the IoT data collected by smart devices that you use? Or does the company that created the single board has rights over the data? Does the operating system on the single board tell you that they’ll own the data passing through that smart device (In their “Terms and Conditions”) Does the board manufacturer own it? Among others who can lay claim to data collected by smart devices are the software developers who program the smart devices. This is confusing and as yet, has no clear guidelines as to who owns IoT data.

The End-User

This is the person using different smart devices. Since they are smart devices, they are all connected to the Internet. End-users can access these devices using the related app on their smartphones or directly by punching keys on smart devices.

Almost all of the data on a network is created by the end-user. If we applied the copyright law to all this, the end-user would be the IoT data owner. Unfortunately, copyright law does not yet consider smart devices’ data. There are no laws for the IoT devices at the time of writing this article (September 29, 2019).

There are some laws in the European Union that can be extracted from their GDPR. These laws stress for transparency in data usage and curation. It requires that the end-users should be informed how their data will be used, what all data was being stored, and by whom. It is tricky because of the usual Terms and Conditions that people click on without even reading them. That Terms and Conditions page may contain a clause that the end-user is giving up his/her rights to data and is transferring the same to the software developer.

If the smart device has a screen/display, the users can study the terms and conditions of using a device. Most smart devices do not come with a display, so it is hard to explain the data ownership. In such cases, the manual related to the smart device can include information regarding data ownership. This will take time, however, as people are still not bothered by who owns IoT data!

Smart Device Manufacturers

Entities that manufacture smart devices (single board micro-computers that can take certain actions when something happens) are also contenders for data obtained by the devices. They have created the micro-computers and hence their claim to the data. However, it is not feasible to give away one’s rights (end users) to someone else (the manufacturers) as we don’t know where the data will be stored and how will it be used. But there is not much an end-user can do if the hardware makers stake their claim to data without even asking for such permissions.

They contain trackers that bypass the consent and disagreement of users to collect data anyway. The data is later sent to third parties affiliated with the smart device manufacturers

Software/App Developers

The teams creating apps for smart devices can also claim their right to data collection. These are the people who’d ask you for permission to send information about the app usage to their servers/datacenters. The T&C (terms and conditions) could be tricky, and you may unknowingly, give up your data rights when you agree to the T&C. The apps on your single-board computer go through many things. From data being supplied in raw form to voice commands, there is a lot much that your smart devices know about you. They can keep track of your habits: data that would fetch a fortune if done correctly.

There was this case of Samsung Smart TVs listening to all conversations that happened near it. After a lot of backlash, Samsung clarified what  you should not talk near the Smart TV.

Here is what Samsung said on the issue.

“If you enable Voice Recognition, you can interact with your Smart TV using your voice. To provide you the Voice Recognition feature, some voice commands may be transmitted (along with information about your device, including device identifiers) to a third-party service that converts speech to text or to the extent necessary to provide the Voice Recognition features to you.

In addition, Samsung may collect and your device may capture voice commands and associated texts so that we can provide you with Voice Recognition features and evaluate and improve the features.

Please be aware that if your spoken words include personal or other sensitive information, that information will be among the data captured and transmitted to a third party through your use of Voice Recognition”

In the above clarification, Samsung names a third party that could be a data center hosted anywhere on the planet. A third party can also be a cloud service provider asking the same old question “who owns IoT data?”

A lot has to be done to standardize the data rights. Ideally, it should be the end-user (in my opinion), but both hardware and software developers ask for rights to collect your data “so that they can improve their services“.

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