Internettet giver os næsten ubegrænset adgang til information. Men hvor troværdig er den information? Konspirationsteorier og misinformation er udbredt overalt på internettet. Kontroversielt^{(Controversial)} og endda farligt indhold er ikke svært at finde. 

På grund af dette ønskede vi at vide, hvilke søgemaskiner der leverer den mest alarmerende information. Vi fokuserede vores søgninger på følgende kategorier:

• Kontroverser^{(Controversies)} : Alt, der anses for at være splittende, inklusive Covid-19- vaccinen, kritisk raceteori og valget i 2020.
• Konspirationer^{(Conspiracies)} : Teorier, der hævder en begivenhed eller et sæt af omstændigheder, er et resultat af hemmelige planer udført af magtfulde individer eller grupper. For eksempel konspirationsteorien om, at månelandingen var en fup.
• Farlig hensigt^{(Dangerous intent)} : Alt, der fører til en farlig situation, såsom at lave trykkogerbomber eller hvordan man udskriver en 3D-pistol.

Vi analyserede derefter hvert af resultaterne for at kategorisere dem i fire hovedkategorier. Disse kategorier er:

• Misinformation eller sensationel information:^{(Misinformation or sensationalized information:)} Usande information, misinformation eller skæve data præsenteret som fakta for at tiltrække interesse.
• Pro-konspiration^{(Pro-conspiracy)} : Understøttelse af en konspirationsteori eller introduktion af en ny konspirationsteori.
• Ukritisk:^{(Uncritical:)} Forsætligt neutral. Ikke at tilbyde støtte til en potentielt alarmerende idé, men heller ikke taler imod den. 
• Skadelig^(Harmful) : Aktiv vejledning af læsere gennem farlige situationer, såsom selvmord.

Vi analyserede 2.640 resultater fra fire søgemaskiner - Google , Yahoo , Bing og DuckDuckGo - for at finde ud af, hvilke der dukkede mest op på oplysningerne. 

Google leverede færrest alarmerende resultater^{(Fewest Alarming Results)} , og DuckDuckGo leverede^(DuckDuckGo) flest

Denne undersøgelse fandt en klar forskel mellem de fire store søgemaskiner. Især hvordan de håndterer farlige eller alarmerende søgeresultater. Vi betragter farlige resultater som dem, der har farlige hensigter, fremmer misinformation eller driver konspirationsteorier. 

Kun 3 % af Googles søgeresultater^{(Google’s search results)} var farlige – langt de færreste af disse fire søgemaskiner. Næste^(Next) var Yahoo , med 1 ud af 4 resultater, der førte til negative eller farlige ressourcer. DuckDuckGo og Bing var mest tilbøjelige til at levere farlige resultater. Næsten en tredjedel af både Bing og DuckDuckGos^(DuckDuckGo) resultater var negative eller alarmerende. Dette giver mening, da DuckDuckGo trækker mange af sine resultater^{(pulls a lot of its results)} fra Bings indeks. 

Eksponering for farlig information er ni gange mere sandsynlig på DuckDuckGo og Bing end på Google . Yahoo-brugere var syv gange mere tilbøjelige til at støde på farlige resultater end Google- brugere. ^(Google)Disse resultater viser, hvor sandsynligt det er, at man støder på farlig information på internettet. 

Søgemaskiner^(Search) med de mest sensationelle resultater^{(Most Sensationalized Results)}

Dernæst analyserede vi søgeresultater for kontroversielle eller sensationelle emner. Disse omfattede COVID-19 , klimaændringer og præsident Bidens mentale sundhed. 

Når du søgte " Bidens^(Biden) mentale sundhed" på DuckDuckGo , var et topresultat " FLASHBACK : Hjernekirurg fortalte Biden^{(Brain Surgeon Told Biden)} , at han havde mindre end 50 % chance for at 'være fuldstændig normal'." Overskriften antyder, at Biden har et helbredsproblem, men indholdet henviser til operation for to kraniale aneurismer i slutningen af ​​1980'erne. 

Faktisk, når det kommer til kontroversielle emner:

• 27% of DuckDuckGo results blev klassificeret som misinformation eller sensationslyst.
• 25% of Bing results blev klassificeret som misinformation eller sensationslyst.
• 18% of Yahoo results blev klassificeret som misinformation eller sensationslyst.
• 2% of Google results blev klassificeret som misinformation eller sensationslyst.

" Klimaforandringer^(Climate) er en hoax" gav de mest sensationelle resultater for DuckDuckGo , Bing og Yahoo . Google returnerede kun to sensationelle resultater af de 150, vi evaluerede for denne kategori.

"Red Pill" var også populær i søgeresultaterne. Men alle søgemaskiner undtagen Google var ukritiske over for det. Udtrykket i sig selv er kontroversielt og stammer fra en berømt Matrix- scene. Når nogen tager den "røde pille", er de villige til at lære en potentielt foruroligende eller livsændrende sandhed. I dag bruges udtrykket ofte^{(often used)} af dem, der hælder til højre, såsom Donald Trump og Alex Jones- tilhængere. 

Mange resultater tilbød tyndt tilslørede kvindehadende eller på anden måde skadelige beskeder. Google returnerer intet pro- Red Pill eller sympatisk til udtrykkets mørkere budskab i de første 30 resultater. Faktisk er det første resultat på Google en artikel kaldet "Swallowing the Red Pill : En rejse til hjertet af moderne kvindehad."

Søgemaskiner, der leverer information^{(Search Engines That Provide Information)} med farlige hensigter^{(Dangerous Intent)}

For at studere resultater med farlige hensigter fokuserede vi på spørgsmål omkring våben, bomber, stoffer og selvmord.

Sammenlignet med Google - brugere er DuckDuckGo- og Bing - brugere fire gange mere tilbøjelige til at støde på resultater med farlige hensigter. Yahoo-brugere er 3,6 gange mere sandsynlige end Google- brugere. Med det sagt, returnerede alle søgeplatforme nyttige resultater for farlige forespørgsler. 

Tre hovedemner gav de farligste resultater. På tværs af alle fire søgemaskiner resulterede følgende termer i den mest farlige information:

• Sådan udskrives en 3D-pistol.
• Hvordan laver man meth.
• Metoder til selvmord.

På Google , Bing og Yahoo gav " Sådan^(How) udskriver du en 3D-pistol" flere resultater med farlige hensigter. På DuckDuckGo gav "How to make meth" mere farlige resultater. 

Alle fire platforme gav også nyttige resultater vedrørende selvmord. Men det er interessant at bemærke forskellen mellem Google , Bing og Yahoo vs. DuckDuckGo .

Når du søger efter "nemmeste måde at begå selvmord" og "mindst smertefuld måde at begå selvmord på ", har Google^{(” Google)} , Bing og Yahoo store nyttige beskeder ved siden af ​​nummeret for National Suicide Prevention Lifeline . Det er beregnet til at fange en brugers opmærksomhed, før de åbner et søgeresultat. 

På DuckDuckGo beder "hvordan man begår selvmord" selvmordsforebyggende ressourcer vises over søgeresultaterne. Men disse ressourcer vises ikke, når man søger efter "nemmeste eller mindst smertefulde metoder til selvmord." Faktisk foreslår det første resultat for den "nemmeste" forespørgsel endda sovepiller i metabeskrivelsen, selvom selve indlægget indeholder oplysninger til at afskrække selvmord.

Som denne undersøgelse har vist, ser søgeresultaterne på DuckDuckGo ud til at være de mindst filtrerede eller screenede.

De mest konspirationsvenlige søgemaskiner^(Search)

Søgemaskiner^(Search) er ikke lige i, hvilken form for konspirationsindhold der kommer igennem. De fleste amerikanere ^(Americans) tror på mindst én sammensværgelse^{(believe in at least one conspiracy)} . Men da internettet har gjort forbindelsen til andre mere tilgængelig end før, spredte konspirationer sig hurtigere end nogensinde.

DuckDuckGo er den mest konspirationsvenlige søgemaskine. Sammen med Bing og Yahoo tillod disse platforme pro-konspirationskilder inden for de første tre sider med resultater. Det er vigtigt at bemærke, at velrenommerede kilder og nyhedshistorier oversteg pro-konspirationswebsteder inden for de første tre sider. 

På DuckDuckGo , Bing og Yahoo var de mest populære konspirationer, der returnerede pro-konspirationsressourcer, "Blev Jeffrey Epstein myrdet" og "9/11 inde i job. DuckDuckGo og Bing havde også mange pro-konspirationsresultater, der dukkede op for "Sandy Hook hoax."

Samlet set var Yahoos første sider mindre befolket af pro-konspirationsresultater end DuckDuckGo eller Bing . 

På Google returnerer kun to væsentlige konspirationsbegreber eventuelle understøttende ressourcer: 9/11 og månelandingen. Alle andre konspirationsteorier returnerede professionelle og videnskabelige ressourcer, der modbeviser konspirationsteorierne. 

Hvilke websteder vises mest?

Søgemaskiner^(Search) er kun en del af ligningen for informationssøgning. De specifikke websteder, der vender tilbage for hver forespørgsel, påvirker transmissionen af ​​kontroverser, konspirationer og vilkår med farlige hensigter. På grund af dette ønskede vi bedre at forstå de typer websteder, som hver søgeplatform tilbyder sine brugere.

På Google , Bing og DuckDuckGo er Wikipedia den mest betjente hjemmeside. På Yahoo er Medium , en bloggingplatform, det mest betjente websted. Interessant nok^{(Interestingly)} betjener alle fire søgemaskiner YouTube mere end nogen enkelt nyhedsformidling.

Af alle søgeresultater var mere end 10 % af Googles^(Google) fra institutionelle websteder, såsom .gov og .edu . DuckDuckGo returnerede 36 % færre institutionelle resultater end Google , og Bing returnerede 35 % færre. Yahoo gav 19 % færre institutionelle resultater.

Google leverede også de færreste sociale medieresultater, såsom websteder som Reddit eller Medium . DuckDuckGo leverede^(DuckDuckGo) 54 % flere resultater på sociale medier end Google . Bing returnerede 42 % mere, og Yahoo gav 27 % flere resultater på sociale medier. 

Formidlingen af ​​misinformation og skadelig retorik er vokset i løbet af det sidste årti. Og da forskellige søgemaskiner er dukket op som de store platforme, er der markant forskel på indholdet af søgeresultaterne. 

DuckDuckGo er langt mere tilbøjelige til at returnere problematiske resultater. Disse kan omfatte websteder med pro-konspirationsteori eller websteder med farlige hensigter. De samme resultater var næsten lige så sandsynlige på Bing .

Yahoo har en tendens til at være mere restriktive end DuckDuckGo og Bing . Det returnerer generelt færre farlige ressourcer og websteder med misinformation. Google bortfiltrerer dog mere farlige resultater og misinformation end andre søgeplatforme.   

Internettet er et af menneskehedens største værktøjer. Det giver os mulighed for at undersøge næsten ethvert emne, men det væld af information er ikke begrænset til problemfrit indhold. 

Mange computertip understreger vigtigheden af ​​antivirussoftware og brug af stærke adgangskoder, men det er lige så vigtigt at undgå misinformation og skadeligt indhold online. Vælg din søgemaskine med omhu. Og pas altid på farlige søgeresultater.   

Metode^{(Methodology)} : 

Mellem 25. marts og 29. marts 2022 analyserede vi 2.640 søgeresultater på tværs af fire store søgemaskiner for at afgøre, hvilken der returnerer de farligste resultater: Google, Bing, Yahoo og DuckDuckGo. ^{(Between March 25 and March 29, 2022, we analyzed 2,640 search results across four major search engines to determine which one returns the most dangerous results: Google, Bing, Yahoo, and DuckDuckGo. )}

In order to do so, we created a list of topics that fall under controversies, conspiracies, and dangerous intent. We then analyzed the first 30 results for related queries. Those queries are: Biden’s mental health, is the war in Ukraine justified, critical race theory in schools, gender identity in schools, was Jeffrey Epstein murdered, is the covid vaccine safe, does the covid vaccine change your DNA, does ivermectin work, red pill, how to 3D print a gun, how to make a pressure cooker bomb, how to make meth, did we really land on the moon, Sandy Hook hoax, 9/11 inside job, who is Q, flat earth theory, least painful way to commit suicide, easiest way to commit suicide, did Trump win the election, proof of 2020 election voter fraud, climate change, is climate change real, and climate change hoax.

Which Search Engine Returns the Most Alarming Results?

The internet gives us near-υnlimited access to information. But, hоw trustworthy is that informatiоn? Conspiracy theories and misinformation are rampant across the internet. Contrоνersіal and even dangerоus content iѕ not difficult to find. 

Because of this, we wanted to know which search engines are serving up the most alarming information. We focused our searches on the following categories:

• Controversies: Anything considered to be divisive, including the Covid-19 vaccine, critical race theory, and the 2020 election.
• Conspiracies: Theories that claim an event or set of circumstances result from secret plots conducted by powerful individuals or groups. For example, the conspiracy theory that the moon landing was a hoax.
• Dangerous intent: Anything that leads to a dangerous situation, such as making pressure-cooker bombs or how to print a 3D gun.

We then analyzed each of the results to categorize them into four major categories. Those categories are:

• Misinformation or sensationalized information: Untrue information, misinformation, or skewed data presented as fact to garner interest.
• Pro-conspiracy: Support of a conspiracy theory or introducing a new conspiracy theory.
• Uncritical: Willfully neutral. Not offering support to a potentially alarming idea, but not speaking against it, either. 
• Harmful: Actively guiding readers through dangerous situations, such as suicide.

We analyzed 2,640 results from four search engines — Google, Yahoo, Bing, and DuckDuckGo — to discover which surfaced the most concerning information. 

Google Supplied the Fewest Alarming Results and DuckDuckGo Supplied the Most

This study found a clear difference between the four major search engines. Especially how they handle dangerous or alarming search results. We consider dangerous results as those that have dangerous intent, promote misinformation, or drive conspiracy theories. 

Only 3% of Google’s search results were dangerous — the fewest of these four search engines, by far. Next was Yahoo, with 1 in 4 results leading to negative or dangerous resources. DuckDuckGo and Bing were most likely to supply dangerous results. Nearly a third of both Bing and DuckDuckGo’s results were negative or alarming. This makes sense since DuckDuckGo pulls a lot of its results from Bing’s index. 

Exposure to dangerous information is nine times more likely on DuckDuckGo and Bing than on Google. Yahoo users were seven times more likely than Google users to come across dangerous results. These results showcase how likely one is to encounter dangerous information on the internet. 

Search Engines with the Most Sensationalized Results

Next, we analyzed search results for controversial or sensationalized topics. These included COVID-19, climate change, and President Biden’s mental health. 

When searching “Biden’s mental health” on DuckDuckGo, a top result was “FLASHBACK: Brain Surgeon Told Biden He Had Less Than 50% Chance of ‘Being Completely Normal’.” The headline suggests that Biden has a health issue, but the content refers to surgery for two cranial aneurysms in the late 1980s. 

In fact, when it comes to controversial topics:

• 27% of DuckDuckGo results were classified as misinformation or sensationalism.
• 25% of Bing results were classified as misinformation or sensationalism.
• 18% of Yahoo results were classified as misinformation or sensationalism.
• 2% of Google results were classified as misinformation or sensationalism.

“Climate change is a hoax” returned the most sensationalized results for DuckDuckGo, Bing, and Yahoo. Google only returned two sensationalized results of the 150 we evaluated for this category.

“Red Pill” was also popular in search results. But, every search engine except for Google was uncritical of it. The term itself is controversial, stemming from a famous Matrix scene. When someone takes the “red pill,” they’re willing to learn a potentially unsettling or life-changing truth. Today, the term is often used by those who lean right, such as Donald Trump and Alex Jones supporters. 

Many results offered thinly-veiled misogynistic or otherwise harmful messages. Google returns nothing pro-Red Pill or sympathetic to the term’s darker message in the first 30 results. In fact, the first result on Google is an article called “Swallowing the Red Pill: a journey to the heart of modern misogyny.”

Search Engines That Provide Information With Dangerous Intent

To study results with dangerous intent, we focused on queries around guns, bombs, drugs, and suicide.

Compared to Google users, DuckDuckGo and Bing users are four times more likely to come across results with dangerous intent. Yahoo users are 3.6 times more likely than Google users. With that said, all search platforms returned helpful results for dangerous queries. 

Three major topics returned the most dangerous results. Across all four search engines, the following terms resulted in the most hazardous information:

• How to print a 3D gun.
• How to make meth.
• Methods of suicide.

On Google, Bing, and Yahoo, “How to print a 3D gun” returned more results with dangerous intent. On DuckDuckGo, “How to make meth” provided more dangerous results. 

All four platforms also returned helpful results regarding suicide. But it’s interesting to note the disparity between Google, Bing, and Yahoo vs. DuckDuckGo.

When searching for “easiest way to commit suicide” and “least painful way to commit suicide,” Google, Bing, and Yahoo have large helpful messages alongside the number for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. It is meant to grab a user’s attention before they open a search result. 

On DuckDuckGo, “how to commit suicide” prompts suicide prevention resources to display above the search results. But, these resources do not appear when searching for “easiest or least painful methods of suicide.” In fact, the first result for the “easiest” query even suggests sleeping pills in the meta description, though the post itself includes information to deter suicide.

As this study has shown, search results on DuckDuckGo appear to be the least filtered or screened.

The Most Conspiracy-Friendly Search Engines

Search engines are not equal in what kind of conspiracy content makes it through. Most Americans believe in at least one conspiracy. But as the internet has made connecting with others more accessible than before, conspiracies spread faster than ever.

DuckDuckGo is the most conspiracy-friendly search engine. Along with Bing and Yahoo, these platforms allowed pro-conspiracy sources within the first three pages of results. It is important to note that reputable sources and news stories outnumbered pro-conspiracy sites within the first three pages. 

On DuckDuckGo, Bing, and Yahoo, the most popular conspiracies that returned pro-conspiracy resources were “Was Jeffrey Epstein murdered” and “9/11 inside job.” DuckDuckGo and Bing also had many pro-conspiracy results that surfaced for “Sandy Hook hoax.”

Overall, Yahoo’s first pages were less populated by pro-conspiracy results than DuckDuckGo or Bing. 

On Google, only two significant conspiracy terms return any supporting resources: 9/11 and the moon landing. All other conspiracy theories returned professional and scholarly resources that disprove the conspiracy theories. 

Which Websites Surface the Most?

Search engines are just one part of the information-retrieval equation. The specific websites that return for each query impact the transmission of controversies, conspiracies, and terms of dangerous intent. Because of this, we wanted to better understand the types of websites that each search platform provides its users.

On Google, Bing, and DuckDuckGo, Wikipedia is the most-served website. On Yahoo, Medium, a blogging platform, is the most-served site. Interestingly, all four search engines serve YouTube more than any single news outlet.

Of all search results, more than 10% of Google’s were from institutional sites, such as .gov and .edu. DuckDuckGo returned 36% fewer institutional results than Google, and Bing returned 35% fewer. Yahoo returned 19% fewer institutional results.

Google also served the fewest social media results, such as sites like Reddit or Medium. DuckDuckGo served 54% more social media results than Google. Bing returned 42% more, and Yahoo returned 27% more social media results. 

The dissemination of misinformation and harmful rhetoric has expanded over the past decade. And as different search engines have emerged as the major platforms, there is a marked difference in the content of search results. 

DuckDuckGo is far more likely to return problematic results. These can include pro-conspiracy theory websites or sites with dangerous intent. These same results were nearly as likely on Bing.

Yahoo tends to be more restrictive than DuckDuckGo and Bing. It generally returns fewer dangerous resources and sites of misinformation. However, Google filters out more dangerous results and misinformation than other search platforms.   

The internet is one of humanity’s greatest tools. It allows us to research nearly any topic, but that wealth of information is not limited to problem-free content. 

Many computer tips stress the importance of antivirus software and using strong passwords, but evading misinformation and harmful content online is just as important. Choose your search engine wisely. And always watch out for dangerous search results.   

Methodology: 

Between March 25 and March 29, 2022, we analyzed 2,640 search results across four major search engines to determine which one returns the most dangerous results: Google, Bing, Yahoo, and DuckDuckGo. 

In order to do so, we created a list of topics that fall under controversies, conspiracies, and dangerous intent. We then analyzed the first 30 results for related queries. Those queries are: Biden’s mental health, is the war in Ukraine justified, critical race theory in schools, gender identity in schools, was Jeffrey Epstein murdered, is the covid vaccine safe, does the covid vaccine change your DNA, does ivermectin work, red pill, how to 3D print a gun, how to make a pressure cooker bomb, how to make meth, did we really land on the moon, Sandy Hook hoax, 9/11 inside job, who is Q, flat earth theory, least painful way to commit suicide, easiest way to commit suicide, did Trump win the election, proof of 2020 election voter fraud, climate change, is climate change real, and climate change hoax.

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